Pass / Fail By Linda Pastan - 1149 Words

In the poem â€Å"Pass/Fail,† by Linda Pastan, the author speaks of an uncanny feeling of failure always looming. The persons desire to persevere is not enough to actually succeed; for there will always be a task waiting to be failed. The poem has a theme; it is a representation of a life goal that can not be achieved by simply dreaming. It takes initiative and courage to stand up and aim for that goal in life. Although the poem follows a negative prospective of achieving greatness, the writer does specify the ambition that one has will not matter for their perseverance will not be enough to pass the examination destined to fail the dream one tries to achieve. The author seems to disagree with the American dream, an idea that everyone has the opportunity to achieve success with hard work. The fact of the matter is no matter what, people must work for success because success is not achieved without ambition for something greater. Although, Pastan expresses an opposing point of view the perseverance one has is enough to achieve greatness with enough hard work. The writer argues â€Å"No matter how you succeed awake, asleep there is a test waiting to be failed† (2.4.7.2). Although this reference tells of a nightmare, it is not necessarily accurate, because once one is awake and succeeding there is nothing to be failed when asleep. The dream is an illusion not a reality; the reality is what one makes of it. The reality is the ambition to strive for success, once one succeeds in theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of `` By Linda Pastan And The Poem Myth By Natasha Tretheway1870 Words   |  8 Pagesmild depression. Often more than not, individuals confuse the days of unhappiness and the lack of desire to function with the rest of the world with major depression. When analyzing the poem Marks by Linda Pastan and the poem Myth by Natasha Tretheway I notice key features of a depressed individual. Pastan and Tretheway portray each of their characters as a depress ed individual; because they focus so keenly on their unhappiness with their lives, and even suicide. Many people will argue that poetry andRead MoreLinda Patan Poem the Marks2115 Words   |  9 PagesFeminist Theory The poem â€Å"Marks† by Linda Pastan is a short piece that focuses on a housewife’s duties being graded by her family as if it were her homework. The wife is graded by her husband, son and daughter using different three grading systems, each time being told that she could do better, but ends by saying that the family should â€Å"Wait ‘til they learn / I’m dropping out† (10-11). In an interview on â€Å"The Newshour with Jim Lehrer† with Jeffrey Brown in 2003, Pastan said that â€Å"I think I ve alwaysRead MoreTraditional Gender Roles By Linda Pastan962 Words   |  4 Pagesmisogynistic undertones in just about everything. From media to everyday life, it is a plague that runs rampant in the lives of everyone whether or not they realize it. For the sake of this paper, we will analyze these instances in a literary work. Linda Pastan, in her poem Marks, finds that traditional gender roles, denial of subjectivity and instrumentality cause the s peaker to reject her role in her family. Traditional gender roles are any gendered stereotype that makes men or women feel like theyRead MoreSetting Analysis of the Story of an Hour Essay1125 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstanding of what is going through her mind and symbolizes her emotions as she mourns and finds peace at the death of her husband . Nathan Valentino English 112 Prof. Tom Flanigan 2/6/13 The Effects of Under Appreciation on a Housewife In Linda Pastan’s poem â€Å"Marks† a woman is speaking about how she feel underappreciated in her family after all the things she does for them. The poem is set up almost as a report card, the things she has to do as a housewife are her subjects, and the responses

Jazz Music And The Musicians Essay - 1168 Words

Jazz music – and the musicians – played a pivotal role in World War II. During the war there were a lot of patriotic songs, as well as songs about military life, humor, and religion written in the Jazz genre. There were also numerous artists that went overseas to perform. One of these artists was Glen Miller, who raised soldier’s morale by modernizing the army band. Jazz was also used as a type of weapon in the war. During the war there were a lot of patriotic songs, as well as songs about military life, humor, and religion written in the jazz genre. A few patriotic songs are â€Å"The House I Live In (That’s America To Me),† â€Å"There’s A Star Spangled Banner Waving Somewhere,† â€Å"America Patrol,† and â€Å"This IS Worth Fighting For.† One Patriotic song written by Iviring Berlin has an unusual history. It was originally written for a military show in 1918, but was put aside when they decided that they did not want to use it for the show. It was later pulled out of storage in 1939 by Kate Smith. Kate’s version of the song became the standard version that was used by everyone. Another one of Iviring Berlin’s songs that was written for the military show but never used was â€Å"This Is The Army, Mister Jones.† This song was resurrected for a different military show called â€Å"This Is The Army.† This song turned out to be a Broadway hit as well as being independently popular. The show traveled where it earned two million dollars for the Army Emergency Relief Fund. Religion also found a place inShow MoreRelatedMr. Davis, An Inspirational Jazz Musician That Paved The World Of Music877 Words   |  4 PagesCountless awards for best Trumpet player, countless Grammy awards Best Jazz performance; with all these awards, you would think Miles Davis is considered a legendary icon and one of the greatest things to happen to the music industry. Mr. Davis and his team were set ting revolutionizing the world of music. Mr. Davis was an inspirational jazz musician that paved the way for future musicians and artists. Miles Dewey Davis was born on May 26, 1926 in the great state of Illinois. The 20th centuryRead MoreThe Philosophical and Sociological Developments for Bebop During the 1940s1518 Words   |  7 Pageshistory of Jazz, an important type of music is developed that changed the music industry. This music, bebop, helped to influence other types of music, and it also let us appreciate jazz more As is so often the case in jazz, when a style or way of playing becomes too commercialized, the evolution turned in the opposite direction. A group of musicians, who had something new to say, something definitely new, found each other reacting against the general Swing fashion. This new music developedRead MoreIts All About Jazz Fusion807 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"It’s All About Jazz Fusion† Of the jazz styles studied in this module, I prefer jazz-rock-fusion. 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As swing music declinedRead More Jazz Essay1045 Words   |  5 PagesJazz John F. Szwed resides in Connecticut, and he is currently a professor of anthropology, African-American studies, music, and American studies at Yale University. He has written seven books on music and African-American culture and numerous articles and reviews on similar subjects. Szwed has received honors including a Guggenheim Fellowship and a Rockefeller Foundation Humanities Fellowship. Knowledge of jazz has fallen far behind its development. Most people do not know the facts onRead MoreKing Of Jazz : Louis Armstrong1617 Words   |  7 Pages*20355591 Clint Rohr Jazz History 30 March. 2015 King of Jazz - Louis Armstrong At the mention jazz music, that person will first think of is likely to be a great figure with a clown image, nicknamed Satchmo. The man was Louis Armstrong. He is a husky singer, often with a trumpet in his hand. He played dramatic works of simple structure in Orleans jazz style and with the accompaniment of Dick jazz music. Each of the books on jazz music will mention his name. Louis Armstrong was to jazz music what Bach isRead MoreControversial Movements In Music Essay1494 Words   |  6 Pagessupporter of traditional jazz whose impression is that music should stay traditional. On the other hand, Herbie Hancock believes the opposite. For music to grow or become anything, the artist must experiment and try new things. Herbie Hancocks theories allow for the movement of jazz music from the traditional to a more progressive new form. He believes what makes history is what music reflects on. Music has made an impact on all levels in history. The early days of jazz provided many styles whichRead MoreJazz : The Emergence Of Jazz1301 Words   |  6 PagesJazz: the Emergence Jazz is a form of music that originated in the United States during the early 1900s. It was a form of music that influenced generations, started the music careers of many great musicians, and its ties are in the melting pot of New Orleans. Jazz has a variety of styles to listen to and also has many diverse musicians to experience these diverse sounds from. Jazz is a great form of music. Its different styles and musicians give it diversity, while strengthening ties to the AfricanRead More Jazz: A History Essay740 Words   |  3 Pages Jazz: The History nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The music called Jazz was born sometime around 1895 in New Orleans. It combined elements of Ragtime, marching band music and Blues. What made Jazz such a different perspective of traditional music was its act of improvising. There was a widespread use of improvisation often by more than one player at a time. Songwriters would write the music down on a piece of paper, and then the Jazz musicians would try their best to play the music. Usually in aRead MoreKing Of Jazz : Louis Armstrong1617 Words   |  7 Pages*20355591 Clint Rohr Jazz History 30 March. 2015 King of Jazz - Louis Armstrong At the mention jazz music, that person will first think of is likely to be a great figure with a clown image, nicknamed Satchmo. The man was Louis Armstrong. He is a husky singer, often with a trumpet in his hand. He played dramatic works of simple structure in Orleans jazz style and with the accompaniment of Dick jazz music. Each of the books on jazz music will mention his name. Louis Armstrong was to jazz music what Bach is

Think Global Act Global Strategy Free Sample

Questions: 1. Discuss in detail four cultural influences that influence an organisation operating overseas. How has technology changed the landscape for organisations operating overseas? Throughout your response, refer to one example?2. The concept, Think Global, Act Local is often highlighted within the context of globalisation. Discuss in detail what this concept refers to, and why it`s important to the success of global organisations. Throughout your response, refer to two examples?3. Operating throughout many countries presents staffing challenges for managers. Identify and discuss three of these challenges. How can managers ensure that staff receive the appropriate level of training as part of a global workforce? Answers: Introduction From the onset it is important to underscore the fact that for international business to succeed in the global market they have to incorporate the prominent strategy recognized as think global, act local.[1] This term is believed to have been founded by Hazel Henderson a n environmental economist from Canada.[2] However, another school of though believes that David Brower, the founder of Friends of the Earth was the first to use the term in 1969.[3] As if the term was not concise enough, some Japanese academics decided to christen the term glocalisation.[4] Business directors have been encouraged to embrace global perspectives while conducting their operation in their local environments. While the term think globally; has been easily understood and interpreted by different scholars in international business the term act locally has been notoriously difficult to understand and find sense in it.[5] However, managers of companies may think globally by having a global mindset and philoso phy that guides their local actions. Acting locally implies that the companies have to implement the global strategies in their thoughts at the local base of operation. This paper will discuss the meaning and application of the term think global act local. Although, the interpretation of the term varies among various scholars, fundamental to this paper is a critical analysis of its importance to the success of global organizations and ion particular to McDonald's and Coca-Cola. 1. Think Globally Globalization has been viewed as the ability of business to transcend their national boundaries with the goal of satisfying the needs of the consumers.[6] It is the expansion of economic and political activities from a centralized national perspective to a global perspective.[7] In other words in thinking globally can be defined as applying global standards to an organization. Globalization is achieved through political and economic liberation. Therefore, managers of global organizations are encouraged to shift from a domestic mindset that inhibits the growth of the firms to a global mindset. Coca- Cola is one of the largest global companies that has embraced global standards and has a global mindset that has seen its products being distributed across several boundaries. McDonald's is another fast growing global company that is now having its product being sold in many countries across the world. It has been argued that having a global mindset may increase the life of a product where the market of product may be declining in the domestic area. A global orientation helps multinational corporations (MNC) to increase their production level and this gives them the advantage of economies of scale.[8] It has been argued that the need to explore new markets and reach more consumers has led to the internationalization and thus this concept has been achieved through applying a global perspective in global business entities. Thinking globally has led to a surge in interdependence among states, business firms and people.[9] A Global mindset has been largely attributed to the free movement of goods, ideas, and knowledge across territorial boundaries of states; technological advancement and the growth of the digital media activities such as internet and the social media; and the reduction in the barrios to trade and low trade tariffs across borders.[10] It has been contended that thinking global requires a rigorous commitment to international marketing. Coca cola has embraced advanced technology in its international marketing activities and this has made it grow in the global market. Global organizations are thus encouraged to be more global not by treating the foreign market as secondar y by looking at the world as a single market.[11] The global organizations must strive to ensure that they are anchored on structures that conform to the international environment so that can gained a competitive advantage.[12] Thinking Global influences cultural change as has been demonstrated by the growth of global media organizations. There has been surge in the global consumer culture because organizations have applied global standards and have thus surpassed the local products and services because they have offered quality yet cheap goods and services.[13] The global consumer culture will continue to grow if global organization embraces globalization in philosophy, perception and innovations. The growth of MacDonalds has made many consumers prefer fast foods because they are relatively cheap. International consumers have replaced their local junk meals they consume with cheaper option such as MacDonalds pizza and burgers. This shows a shift in culture. It is imperative to note that thin king global also helps the organizations to grow and expand beyond the borders of their organization. Global markets in the developed countries must focus their attention on the opportunities that exist in the emerging economies. Thinking globally will help the global organizations in the developed countries to identify and pursue such opportunities that exist in the emerging economies.[14] It can be concede that global business organization may also think globally by applying the marketing mix principles on an international scale.[15] The product, price, place and promotion are the key elements of marketing mix elements propounded by McCarthy.[16] Global organizations should integrate these elements with international consumer demands. Coca cola has integrated theses marketing mix elements and the company has successfully sold many of its products in many countries across the globe. McDonalds has also applied the marketing mix elements to a in the global perspective and it has also been able to develop other new products as the need for healthy foods increases. 2. Act Locally It is abundantly clear that certain product from a multinational company may not do well in a certain country and may do well in another because of cultural differences. As such global industries must act locally by adapting to the cultures exposed in in different nations. Localization is thus closely related to the culture of a community. Acting locally in the globalization perspective has the superficial appearance of putting more attention on the local activities in the hoist country although applying global strategies at the same time. This may be entirely true; however for a global organization acting locally may imply that the firm should fit its activities to suit the specific demands of each location that the firm exists. Mac Donald has easily achieved this element of the term by ensuring that its product suits the specific market that its outlet is located in. Some countries prefer some flavors and dislike others and thus the company has flexibly adjusted its menu to satisfy the needs customers in particular locations. In the multinational corporations (MNC) acting locally implies that the employees in the different locations that the firm is located have to ensure that the brand of the products meets the same quality.[17] It is apparent that acting locally is important for global organizations to attain consistency in their brand production. Because the most of the business activities of global organizations occur in regional blocks it may be difficult to homogenize the entire product, although acting locally to suit the demands of the local market may be work in its favor.[18] It can be stated that for the global organizations in the developed market to succeed in the emerging market economies, they have to act locally in a manner that will satisfy the specific needs of the emerging market population. This is majorly because the needs of the consumers in the developed markets may differ with those of the developing markets. Global automobile companie s may produce specific type of vehicles for a particular geographical location. It may be argued that attaining a common strategy across all the locations that a global organization has its outlets may not be feasible because of impediments such as regulations and preferences.[19] The nerve of the reasoning behind acting is locally is the creation of standardized products by global organization for specific markets and considering the need of particular flavors.[20] It has been argued that acting locally helps the global organization to meet the variation in demand across the global market.[21] It is vital that the global organization should also have the priorities of the global in their mindset for them to be successful in the global market. 3. Glocalization: Integration of Global and local They idea inherent in the concept of glocaliszation is that global organizations should be global but at the same time act locally. A global organization should thus aim at adapting to the local environment that it is set in in whole striving to remain global. Presently, many multinational corporation exhibit characteristics of both globalization and localization although there are some who are caught in between the horns of dilemma on which if the two they should select. McDonalds has successfully applied both globalization standards and localization because of the nature of the business. It is worth noting that there are global companies that have been successful through the application of globalization only and not changing their nature of their products. They have successfully sold their products uniformly across all the markets in the world. Coca- Cola Company is an example of a company that has not acted locally in the sense of making new products for specific market but it has uniformly sold its products in all the markets in the world. In advertising, the argument has been whether they should be they should be consistent across all globe or they should be fitted to apply locally.[22] Some companies have chosen to create particular advertisement for certain locations while some have done both local and standardized advertisements. Coca cola has been using uniform advertisements in all the countries that it is located. McDonalds on the hand has created specific advertisements for particular location and this has successfully worked in their favor and to the favor of the consumers. Conclusion It can be concluded that the strategies that are applied by global organization must manifest the differences in the market. From the analysis in this paper, it can be observed that while globalization and localization are important, global organizations should consider other political and environmental factors that may influence the success of their entities when considering to expand the entities in more markets. References Barry. T, and Mike. N, The Worlds Business Cultures and How to Unlock Them London Thorogood, 2007,P 3 Claudio. V, McDonald's: ``think global, act local'' the marketing mix, British Food Journal, No. 2, 2001, pp. 97-111. Fisher. D, Think local, act global!, 2007. https://www.origin.to/global.html. (accessed January 2017) Fletcher. D, Learning to think global and act local: Experiences from the small business sector. Education Training, 42(4/5) , 2000, P 211-220. Friends of the Earth. FOE mourns death of founder. Organizational press release, 2007, https://www.foe.co.uk/resource/press_releases/20001107132336.html. (accessed January 2017) Gary. J, Think Globally, Act Locally 2016 https://www3.ul.ie/ulearning/html%20files/global%20hrm/pdfs/Think%20Globally%20Act%20Locally.pdf (accessed January 2017) Greider. W, One world: Ready or not: The manic logic of global capitalism. Simon Schuster, New York, 1997. Kefalas.G, Think globally, act locally. Thunderbird International Business Review, 40(6), 1998, P 547-562. Martin. J, and Robert. H, Paradoxes of Culture and Globalization London: SAGE, 2008, May. A, Think globally - act locally! Competences for global management. Career Development International, 2(6) ,1997, 308-309. Maynard. M, From global to glocal: How Gillettes SensorExcel accommodates to Japan. Keio Communication Review, No. 25, 2003, pp. 57-75. McCarthy. J, Basic Marketing: A Management Approach, Irwin, Homewood, 1975, p. 98. Ohmae. K, `Managing in a borderless world'', Harvard Business Review, 1989, pp. 152-61. Oliver. R, New rules for global markets. Journal of Business Strategy, 21(3) ,2000, 7-9. Onkvisit. S, and Shaw. J, Glocal advertising: Think global, act local. American Marketing Association. Conference Proceedings , 2002 Parnell. J, Reassessing the Think Global, Act Local Mandate: Evaluation And Synthesis, Serbian Journal of Management, 2006, P21 28 Robertson. R, Globalization, social theory, and global culture, London, Sage, 1992. Robertson. R, Glocalization: Time-space and homogeneity and heterogeneity. In Featherstone. M, Lash. S, and Robertson, R. (eds.), Global modernities. London: Sage, 1995, p 23-44. Robertson. R, Comments on the global triad and glocalization. In Inoue, N., (ed.), Globalization and indigenous culture. Tokyo: Kokugakuin University, 1996, Pp. 217-225. Rugman. A, Viewpoint: The myth of global strategy. International Marketing Review, 18(6), 2001, 583-588. Sims. T, Corn Flakes clash shows the glitches in European Union, Wall Street Journal, 2005, pp. A1,A9 Taylor. W, ``The logic of global business'', Harvard Business Review, 1991,pp. 90-105. J. Parnell, Reassessing the Think Global, Act Local Mandate: Evaluation And Synthesis, Serbian Journal of Management, 2006, P21 - 28 D. Fisher, Think local, act global!, 2007. https://www.origin.to/global.html. (accessed January 2017) Friends of the Earth. FOE mourns death of founder. Organizational press release, 2007, https://www.foe.co.uk/resource/press_releases/20001107132336.html. (accessed January 2017) R. Robertson, Glocalization: Time-space and homogeneity and heterogeneity. In Featherstone. M, Lash. S, and Robertson, R. (eds.), Global modernities. London: Sage, 1995, p 23-44. G. Kefalas, Think globally, act locally. Thunderbird International Business Review, 40(6), 1998, P 547-562. R. Robertson, Globalization, social theory, and global culture, London, Sage, 1992. W. Greider, One world: Ready or not: The manic logic of global capitalism. Simon Schuster, New York, 1997. D. Fletcher, Learning to think global and act local: Experiences from the small business sector. Education Training, 42(4/5) , 2000, P 211-220. J. Martin, and H. Robert, Paradoxes of Culture and Globalization London: SAGE, 2008, T. Barry, and N, Mike, The Worlds Business Cultures and How to Unlock Them London Thorogood, 2007,P 3 K. Ohmae, `Managing in a borderless world'', Harvard Business Review, 1989, pp. 152-61. W.Taylor, ``The logic of global business'', Harvard Business Review, 1991,pp. 90-105. R. Oliver, New rules for global markets. Journal of Business Strategy, 21(3) ,2000, 7-9. A. May, Think globally - act locally! Competences for global management. Career Development International, 2(6) ,1997, 308-309. V. Claudio, McDonald's: ``think global, act local'' the marketing mix, British Food Journal, No. 2, 2001, pp. 97-111. J. McCarthy, Basic Marketing: A Management Approach, Irwin, Homewood, 1975, p. 98. J. Gary, Think Globally, Act Locally 2016 https://www3.ul.ie/ulearning/html%20files/global%20hrm/pdfs/Think%20Globally%20Act%20Locally.pdf (accessed January 2017) A. Rugman, Viewpoint: The myth of global strategy. International Marketing Review, 18(6) ,2001, 583-588. T. Sims, Corn Flakes clash shows the glitches in European Union, Wall Street Journal, 2005, pp. A1,A9 R. Robertson, Comments on the global triad and glocalization. In Inoue, N., (ed.), Globalization and indigenous culture. Tokyo: Kokugakuin University, 1996, Pp. 217-225. M. Maynard, From global to glocal: How Gillettes SensorExcel accommodates to Japan. Keio Communication Review, No. 25, 2003, pp. 57-75. S, Onkvisit, and J. Shaw, Glocal advertising: Think global, act local. American Marketing Association. Conference Proceedings 2002

My Analysis Of The Short Story The Chrysanthemums Essays

My Analysis Of The Short Story The Chrysanthemums My Analysis of the Short Story: The Chrysanthemums The short story The Chrysanthemums gives insight into the life of its author. John Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902, in Salinas, California. The locale of the story is of key resemblance to the Salinas in which Steinbeck was born and bread. Salinas was a typical American small town, [differing] only in location and a few distinctive features (McCarthy 3). The protagonist of this story, Elisa Allen, also resembles Steinbecks first wife. Steinbeck probably based the character of Elisa Allen on his own first wife, Carol Henning Steinbeck. Like Elisa, Carol was a woman of considerable talent and energy who wore masculine clothes and was strong, large-boned and handsome rather than pretty (Hughes 23). Similar to the time frame in which Steinbeck lived, the theme of the story comes across as being male dominant and the rustic setting allows us to visualize this. The Chrysanthemums is a good depiction of most marriages in the early 1900s, the husband is the chief breadwinner and the wife is considered nothing more than a housewife. The simple story outlines are enriched by irony and imagery which contrast the rich land and the sterile marriage, the fertile plants and Elisas inner emptiness (McCarthy 26). The story begins by introducing the setting: The high grey-flannel fog of winter closed off the Salinas Valley from the sky and the rest of the world (Steinbeck 115). This vivid illustration unconsciously gives the reader a look into the dominating theme. However, it is not until the climax of the story that the reader begins to notice Elisas true pain and need for her own self-identity. The main protagonist in The Chrysanthemums, Elisa Allen, is a mid-aged housewife who also has a passion for growing chrysanthemums. [Elisas] passionate involvement with the process of planting becomes an expression of all the suppressed romance in her life (L ewis 393). She is a strong, childless woman of thirty-five that has subliminated her maternal instincts by producing remarkable flowers (French, John 83). Nevertheless, the plants and flowers cannot compensate for the lack of understanding and affection from her husband (McCarthy 27). In the story, Elisa plays the role of a simple-minded lady who allows her husbands thoughts and actions to dominate her. Elisas marriage neither fills her time nor fulfills her desires (Hughes 24). However, Beach concludes that Elisa without a doubt has a soul and is much less simple than she seems (Beach 32). Henry Allen plays the role of a typical male, [he is] well-meaning and basically decent. However, his concentration on his own role as provider, organizer, and decision maker has blinded him to the fact that [his wife] needs something more in her life than a neat house and a good garden (Lewis 394, 394). [The tinker] is described as big, bearded, and graying, a man who has been around, who knows something about life and people (Lewis 392). When the tinker begins a discussion with Elisa and discovers her vulnerability, he then uses this as a part of his scheme to manipulate her emotionally. [The tinker] is accomplished at gauging a persons emotional needs, and he has developed a facility for the kind of conversation that verges on the suggestive (Lewis 392). There are several differences found between these two men. In contrast to [Elisas] husband, [the tinker] is a kind of adventurer who lives spontaneously, a man of the road not bound by standard measures of time and place (Lewis 39 2). Hughes also makes a comparison between Henry and the tinker: compared to Henry Allen, the tinker is, indeed, an exciting and romantic figure (Hughes 25). The conversation between the tinker and Elisa sets the rising action and the eventual climax of the story. During their conversation, the tinker repeatedly asks Elisa for something to mend, each time being turned away. No, she said shortly. I tell you I have nothing like that for you to do (Steinbeck 119). However, the tinker finally discovers Elisas soft spot and deliberately takes advantage of her. The tinker begins discussing Elisas chrysanthemums and how beautiful they are, this makes Elisa feel like she is valued (Lewis 393).